TRR 141: Biological Design and Integrative Structures. Analysis, Simulation and Implementation in Architecture
Biology
Chemistry
Humanities
Geosciences
Computer Science, Systems and Electrical Engineering
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Materials Science and Engineering
Final Report Abstract
The research programme focused on design and construction principles in biology and on their transfer to architecture and building construction. One of key questions of the TRR 141 was: under which conditions does biomimetic research lead to successful results and new insights for technology and biology? Hence, a variety of widely different biological role models was chosen for study and for comparisons of the biomimetic transfer process and the application of reverse biomimetics. The role models differed not only in scale from nano to macro and in materiality from porous to fibre-based, but also in the investigated functionalities from load-bearing capacity to movement or media transport. Some role models followed classic lines of biomimetic research (the exoskeleton of the sea urchin), whereas others addressed new questions (compliant mechanisms based on plant movements or the development of novel architectural concepts based on molecular supporting structures in moss plastids). To cover the full range of possible biomimetic processes, projects were included that were initially motivated by a technological question (the ‘top down’ or ‘technology pull’ approach in biomimetics) plus others that were mainly initiated by biological research (‘bottom up’ or ‘biology push’ approach in biomimetics). Based on this concept, selected biological role models were identified, quantitatively analysed and numerically simulated in different fields: - Mulitfunctionality in porous materials. For damping: sea urchin spines, fruit wall of the coconut and tree bark of the giant sequoia; for transport of heat and mass: Equisetum hyemale and sempervirens leaves. - Adaptivity in fibre-based systems: Gerbera juminosi and others for adaptive stiffness; Aldrovanda vesiculosa and others for plant movements; Physomitrella patens FtsZ for adaptivity on the nano scale. - Load adapted anisotropy: branching in Schefflera arboricola. - Self-formation of mineral shell structures: segmented skeleton of the sand-dollar and periostracum formation of various molluscs. In parallel, biomimetic methodologies have been investigated, further developed and evaluated by above mentioned biological role models. This addresses aspects as scaling, simulation, optimization and fabrication. Scientists from vastly different backgrounds met in TRR 141. Effective communication and the successful exchange of knowledge between the various scientific cultures were of crucial importance. For this reason a glossary of basic terms in constructional/architectural biomimetics was developed in order to facilitate communication between the disciplines. The provision of a contribution to a more sustainable development is a major driving force for biomimetic research and a common goal of all researchers involved in TRR 141. Hence, a Bio-inspired Sustainability Assessment (BiSA) was developed with a special focus on the relationship of ecological, social and economic functions and corresponding burdens. The development of a consistent, bioinspired sustainability concept for the construction sector was evaluated and optimized through the assessment of several A-projects. The most promising role models for technical transfer were identified, fabricated and evaluated in large-scale demonstrators that were exhibited in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Rosenstein, at the “Baubionik - Biologie beflügelt Architektur” exhibition from Oct 2017 to May 2018. The exhibition was accompanied by a catalogue that was later published in an extended and revised version as a book with the title “Biomimetics for Architecture - Learning from Nature” by Birkhäuser Verlag. This book can be seen as a final report on the first funding period of TRR141.
Publications
- (2017) Baubionik – Biologie beflügelt Architektur. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie C. Band 82
Knippers J, Schmid U, Speck T (eds)
- (2016) Biomimetic Research for Architecture and Building Construction. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2016
Knippers J, Nickel K & Speck T (eds)
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46374-2) - (2016) New Technologies, Challenges and Trends in Additive Manufacturing for Production of Optimal Topologies. − In: International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology. Vol. 5 (2016), No. 8, p. 1–8
Mottahedi M, Coupek D, Lechler A, Verl A
- (2016) On connections between properties in biology – how we learn about order in organisms. Systema 4:48–53
Drack M
- (2016): Magnetic resonance imaging reveals functional anatomy and biomechanics of a living dragon tree. – Scientific Reports, 6: 32685
L. Hesse, T. Masselter, J. Leupold, N. Spengler, T. Speck & J.G. Korvink
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32685) - 2016. Evolutionary Processes as Models for Exploratory Design. In Biomimetic Research for Architecture and Building Construction (pp. 295-318). Springer, Cham
Nguyen, L., Lang, D., van Gessel, N., Beike, A.K., Menges, A., Reski, R. and Roth-Nebelsick, A.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46374-2_15) - Interfacial Mass Transfer During Gas-Liquid Phase Change in Deformable Porous Media with Heat Transfer, Transport in Porous Media, 114, 525-556, 2016
W. Ehlers and K. Häberle
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-016-0674-2) - (2017) Biomechanical analysis of prey capture in the carnivorous Southern bladderwort (Utricularia australis). Scientific Reports 7: 1776
Poppinga S, Daber LE, Westermeier AS, Kruppert S, Horstmann M, Tollrian R, Speck T
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01954-3) - (2017) Flectofold – A biomimetic scalable compliant shading device for complex free form facades. Smart Materials and Structures 27: 017001
Körner A, Born, L, Mader A, Sachse R, Saffarian S, Westermeier A, Poppinga S, Bischoff M, Gresser G, Milwich M, Speck T, Knippers J
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa9c2f) - (2017) The basis of theory building in biology lies in the organism concept. Organisms – An International Journal of Biological Sciences 1:69–82
Drack M, Betz O
(See online at https://doi.org/10.13133/2532-5876/13941) - (2017) Trap diversity and character evolution in carnivorous bladderworts (Utricularia, Lentibulariaceae). Scientific Reports 7: 12052
Westermeier AS, Fleischmann A, Müller K, Schäferhoff B, Rubach C, Speck T, Poppinga S
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12324-4) - (2017): Adaptive spatiotemporal changes in morphology, anatomy, and mechanics during the ontogeny of subshrubs with square-shaped stems. – Am J Bot 104 (8): 1157–1167
Kaminski, R., T. Speck & O. Speck
(See online at https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700110) - (2017): Biomimetic bio-inspired biomorph sustainable? An attempt to classify and clarify biology-derived technical developments. − Bioinspir. Biomim. 12(1): 011004
Speck O., D. Speck, R. Horn, J. Gantner, K. P. Sedlbauer
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/12/1/011004) - (2017): Energy Absorption in Functionally Graded Concrete bioinspired by Sea Urchin Spines. – Journal of Bionic Engineering, 14: 369 – 378
N. Toader, W. Sobek & K.G. Nickel
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6529(16)60405-5) - 2017: Morphology and porosity of the spines of the sea urchin Heterocentrotus mamillatus and their implications on the mechanical performance. Zoomorphology, 137, 139-154
Lauer, C., Grun. T.B., Zutterkirch, I., Jemmali, R., Nebelsick, J.H. & Nickel, K.G.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-017-0385-4) - (2018) How the carnivorous waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa) snaps. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285(1878): 20180012
Westermeier AS, Sachse R, Poppinga S, Vögele P, Adamec L, Speck T, Bischoff M
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0012) - (2018). Structure and function of the musculoskeletal ovipositor system of an ichneumonid wasp. BMC Zoology 3: 12
Eggs B., Birkhold A. I., Röhrle O. and Betz O.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1186/s40850-018-0037-2) - (2018). Towards a theoretical clarification of biomimetics using conceptual tools from engineering design. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 13:016007
Drack M, Limpinsel M, de Bruyn G, Nebelsick JH, Betz O
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/aa967c) - (2018): Analysis of bud ontogeny of Dracaena marginata using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. – Scientific Reports, 8: 9881
L. Hesse, J. Leupold, T. Speck & T Masselter
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27823-1) - (2018): Bio-inspired Sustainability Assessment for Building Product Development – Concept and Case Study. – Sustainability 10(1): 130–154
Horn R., H. Dahy, J. Gantner, O. Speck, P. Leistner
(See online at https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010130) - (2018): Computational 3D imaging to quantify structural components and assembly of protein networks. Acta Biomaterialia 69, 206-217
Asgharzadeh, P., B. Özdemir, R. Reski, O. Röhrle, A.I. Birkhold
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.020) - (2018): Cytological analysis and structural quantification of FtsZ1-2 and Ftsz2-1 network characteristics in Physcomitrella patens. Scientific Reports 8, 11165
Özdemir, B., P. Asgharzadeh, A.I. Birkhold, S.J. Mueller, O. Röhrle, R. Reski
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29284-y) - (2018): Strength-size relationships in quasi-brittle and brittle biological materials. – Acta Biomaterialia, 77: 322 – 332
C. Lauer, S. Schmier, T. Speck & K.G. Nickel
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.010) - (2018): Structural stress response of segmented natural shells: a numerical case study on the clypeasteroid echinoid Echinocyamus pusillus. Royal Society Interface. 15: 20180164
Grun. T.B., von Scheven, M., Bischoff, M. & Nebelsick, J.H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0164) - 2018, An interactive agent-based framework for materialization-informed architectural design. Swarm Intelligence, 12(2) Special Issue on Self-Organised Construction, 155–186
Groenewolt, A., Schwinn, T., Nguyen, L., Menges, A.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11721-017-0151-8) - 2018, An interactive agent-based framework for materialization-informed architectural design. Swarm Intelligence, 12(2) Special Issue on Self-Organised Construction, 155–186
Groenewolt, A., Schwinn, T., Nguyen, L., Menges, A.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11721-017-0151-8) - 2018. A novel rapid additive manufacturing concept for architectural composite shell construction inspired by the shell formation in land snails. Bioinspiration & biomimetics, 13(2), p. 026010
Felbrich, B., Wulle, F., Allgaier, C., Menges, A., Verl, A., Wurst, K.H. and Nebelsick, J.H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/aaa50d) - 2018. Funariaceae Underground–A Spore Bank for Physcomitrella patens and Physcomitrium eurystomum. Herzogia 31: 791-7
Malkowsky Y, Ostendorf AK, Roth-Nebelsick A
(See online at https://doi.org/10.13158/heia.31.2.2018.791) - 2018: A Novel Rapid Additive Manufacturing Concept for Architectural Composite Shell Construction Inspired by the Shell Formation in Land Snails. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 13/2
Felbrich, B., Wulle, F., Allgaier, C., Menges, A., Verl, A., Wurst, K.-H. & Nebelsick, J.H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/aaa50d) - 2018: Biomechanics of an echinoid's trabecular system. PLoS ONE ONE 13(9): e0204432
Grun, T.B. & Nebelsick, J.H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204432) - 2018: Structural design analysis of the minute clypeasteroid echinoid Echinocyamus pusillus. Royal Society Open Science. 5:171323
Grun, T.B. & Nebelsick, J.H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171323) - Computational 3D Imaging to Quantify Structural Components and Assembly of Protein Networks. Acta Biomaterialia, 2018, 69, 206-217
P. Ashgharzadeh, B.Ozdemir, R. Reski, O. Röhrle, A.I. Birkhold
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.020) - Cytological Analysis and Structural Quantification of FtsZ1-2 and FtsZ2-1 Network Characteristics in Physcomitrella Patens. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8(1), 11165
B. Ozdemir, P. Ashgharzadeh, A.I. Birkhold, S.J. Müller, O. Röhrle, R. Reski
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29284-y) - Effective Stresses in Multiphasic Porous Media: A thermodynamic investigation of a fully non-linear model with compressible and incompressible constituents, Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment, 15, 35-46, 2018
W. Ehlers
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2017.11.004) - (2019) Biomimetics for Architecture: Learning from Nature. Birkhäuser Basel
Knippers J, Schmid U, Speck T (eds)
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035617917) - (2019) Bionisch Bauen: Learning from Nature. Birkhäuser Basel
Knippers J, Schmid U, Speck T (eds)
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035617870) - (2019): Bio-inspiration as a Concept for Sustainable Constructions Illustrated on Graded Concrete. – J. Bionics Eng. 16(4): 742-753
Horn R., S. Albrecht, W. Haase, M. Langer, D. Schmeer, W. Sobek, O. Speck, P. Leistner
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s42235-019-0060-1) - (2019): Biomimetic 3D printed light-weight constructions: A comparison of profiles with various geometries for efficient material usage inspired by square-shaped plant stems. – Bioinsp. Biomim. 14: 046007
Kaminski, R., T. Speck, O. Speck
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ab202f) - (2019): Strength, elasticity and the limits of energy dissipation in two related sea urchin spines with biomimetic potential. – Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 14(1): 016018
C. Lauer, K. Sillmann, S. Haußmann & K.G. Nickel
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/aaf531) - (2019): Structural and functional imaging of large and opaque plant specimen. – Journal of Experimental Botany, 70(14): 3659 – 3678
L. Hesse, K. Bunk, J. Leupold, T. Speck & T. Masselter
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz186) - 2019. A model for extracellular freezing based on observations on Equisetum hyemale. Journal of Theoretical Biology 478: 161-168
Konrad W, Schott R, Roth-Nebelsick A
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.06.023) - Modelling and simulation methods applied to coupled problems in porousmedia mechanics, Archive of Applied Mechanics, 89, 609-628, 2019
W. Ehlers and A. Wagner
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-019-01520-5)
