TRR 123:  Planar Optronic Systems (PlanOS)

• Subject Area: Materials Science and Engineering ; Chemistry ; Computer Science, Systems and Electrical Engineering ; Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
• Term: from 2013 to 2017
• Project identifier: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) - Project number 210420491

• Final Report Year: 2018

Final Report Abstract

The primary goal of the Collaborative Research Centre "Transregio 123 - Planar Optronic Systems" (PlanOS) was the realization of fully integrated, planar sensor networks on or in thin and large-area polymer films. Characteristics of the intended distributed, large-area sensors were the acquisition of different physical variables of the environment such as e.g. temperature and strain and their direct conversion into optical properties. Such sensor films have the potential to enable completely new solutions in the field of structural health monitoring of large structures or in medical technology and are therefore the focus of current research worldwide. For the realization of planar-optical sensor systems consisting of light sources, optics, light guides, sensor elements and detectors, innovative approaches and technologies in three subject areas - the development of materials (project area A), production methods (project area B) and sensor concepts (project area C) - were investigated in PlanOS. A major challenge was the realization of fully polymer-based optical transducers and integrated systems that can be realized in the future using high-throughput manufacturing methods. The measured variables to be recorded had to be converted into light properties in such a way that multi-sensor systems are created that can preferably be integrated in a planar manner in a few process steps and can measure with high spatial resolution. In the funding period 2013-2016, the focus of the CRC PlanOS was on the development of tailor-made polymer materials and suitable process technologies as well as on the simulation and fundamental demonstration of sensor concepts using discrete solutions. In project area A, a large number of the required polymer materials with customized optical, thermo-mechanical or viscous properties could be realized. Production technologies based on printing, hot embossing or direct writing processes were developed in project area B for processing these materials. In addition, in project area C the basic functionality of the proposed sensor concepts for recording temperature and strain as well as for analytics, e.g. for the determination of refractive index and concentration, was investigated and first polymer spectrometers were created. In many cases, hybrid systems were initially built using semiconductor components, since the necessary polymer-based counterparts and structures were developed simultaneously. Further work concentrated on the development of methods for validation and calibration of the implemented sensor systems. Planarity played a key role in the integration of the sensor foils. At the same time, it posed a major challenge, since the components and sensor units implemented had to be integrated into an overall system so that their interaction results in a functionally integrated polymer film. This film is sensitive to the targeted variables, whereby the influence of interferences had to remain small or controllable. The variety of polymer materials and processes implemented and the sensor concepts demonstrated provide a very good basis for the numerous integration tasks and different sensor systems. This ensures that the processes are coordinated in such a way that the structures and components introduced are not affected by subsequent process steps.

Publications

• (2013): Fabrication of adhesive lenses using free surface shaping, Journal of the European Optical Society Rapid Publications
  Hoheisel, D.; Kelb, C.; Wall, M.; Roth, B.; Rissing, L.
  
• (2014): Laser printing of silicon nanoparticles with resonant optical electric and magnetic responses, Nature Communications, 5, No. 3402
  Zywietz, U.; Reinhardt, C.; Evlyukhin, A. B.; Chichkov, B. N.
  
• (2014): Laser-ablative engineering of phase singularities in plasmonic metamaterial arrays for biosensing applications, Applied Physics Letters, 104
  Aristov, A. I.; Zywietz, U.; Evlyukhin, A. B.; Reinhardt, C.; Chichkov, B. N.; Kabashin, A. V.
  
• (2014): Viscosity and refractive index tailored methacrylate based polymers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
  Hanemann, T.; Honnef, K.
  
• (2015): A flexible, fast, and low-cost production process for polymer based diffractive optics, Optics Express
  Rahlves, M.; Rezem, M.; Boroz, K.; Schlangen, S.; Reithmeier, E.; Roth, B.
  
• (2015): Cladded self-written multimode step-index waveguides using a one-polymer approach, Optics Letters, 40(8), 1830-1833
  Günther, A.; Petermann, A. B.; Gleißner, U.; Hanemann, T.; Reithmeier, E.; Rahlves, M.; Meinhardt- Wollweber, M.; Morgner, U.; Roth, B.
  
• (2015): Digital mirror devices and liquid crystal displays in maskless lithography for fabrication of polymerbased holographic structures, J Micro Nanolithogr MEMS MOEMS
  Rahlves, M.; Kelb, C.; Rezem, M.; Schlangen, S.; Boroz, K.; Gödeke, D.; Ihme, M.; Roth, B.
  
• (2015): Electromagnetic Resonances of Silicon Nanoparticle Dimers in the Visible, ACS Photonics
  Zywietz, U.; Schmidt, M. K.; Evlyukhin, A. B.; Reinhardt, C.; Aizpurua, J.; Chichkov, B. N.
  
• (2015): Light source design for spectral tuning in biomedical imaging, Journal of Medical Imaging, 2, 44501
  Basu, C.; Schlangen, S.; Meinhardt-Wollweber, M.; Roth, B.
  
• (2015): Printing and preparation of integrated optical waveguides for optronic sensor networks, Mechatronics
  Wolfer, T.; Bollgruen, P.; Mager, D.; Overmeyer, L.; Korvink, J. G.
  
• (2015): Realization and performance of an all-polymer optical planar deformation sensor, IEEE Sensors Journal
  Kelb, C.; Rahlves, M.; Reithmeier, E.; Roth, B.
  
• (2015): Viscosity and Refractive Index Adjustment of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate) for Application in Microoptics, Polymers for Advanced Technogies
  Hanemann, T.; Honnef, K.
  
• (2016): All-polymer arrayed waveguide grating at 850  nm: design, fabrication, and characterization, Opt. Lett. 41(17), 3940-3943
  Orghici, R.; Bethmann, K.; Zywietz, U.; Reinhardt, C.; Schade, W.
  
• (2016): All-polymer whispering gallery mode sensor system, Optics Express 24(6), 6052-6062
  Petermann, A.B.; Varkentin, A.; Roth, B.; Morgner U.; Meinhardt-Wollweber, M.
  
• (2016): Asymmetric Mach– Zehnder interferometers without an interaction window in polymer foils for refractive index sensing, Applied Optics Vol. 55, Issue 5, pp. 1124-1131
  Hofmann, M.; Xiao, Y.; Sherman, S.; Gleissner, U.; Schmidt, T.; Zappe, H.
  
• (2016): Cascaded-focus laser writing of low-loss waveguides in polymers, Optics Letters Vol. 41, Issue 6, pp. 1269-1272
  Pätzold, W.; Reinhardt, C.; Demircan, A.; Morgner, U.
  
• (2016): Characterization of femtosecond laser written gratings in PMMA using a phase-retrieval approach, Optical Materials Express, Vol. 6, Issue 10, pp. 3202-3209
  Kelb, C.; Pätzold, W. M.; Morgner, U.; Rahlves, M.; Reithmeier, E.; Roth, B.
  
• (2016): Chip-Level Packaging of Edge-Emitting Laser Diode onto Low-Cost Transparent Polymer Substrates using Optodic Bonding, IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology
  Wang, Y.; Overmeyer, L.
  
• (2016): Design of all-polymer asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer sensors, Applied Optics 55, 3566-3573 (2016)
  Xiao, Y.; Hofmann, M.; Wang, Z.; Sherman, S.; Zappe, H.
  
• (2016): Direct hot embossing of micro-elements by means of photostructurable polyimide, Journal of Micro/Nanolithography MEMS MOEMS 15(3), 034506 (2016)
  Akin, M.; Rezem, M.; Rahlves, M.; Cromwell, K.; Roth, B.; Reithmeier, E.; Wurz, M.; Rissing, L.; Maier, H.-J.
  
• (2016): Highly sensitive wide range organic photodiode based on zinc phthalocyanine:C60, Physica Status Solidi A
  Döring, S.; Otto, T.; Čehovski, M.; Charfi, O.; Caspary, R.; Kowalsky, W; Rabe, T.
  
• (2016): Ink-jet printed fluorescent materials as light sources for planar optical waveguides on polymer foils, Opt. Eng. 55(10), 107107 (Oct 26, 2016)
  Bollgruen, P.; Gleissner, U.; Wolfer, T.; Megnin, C.; Mager, D.; Overmeyer, L.; Korvink, J. G.; Hanemann, T.
  
• (2016): Kinetics of the Generation of Surface-Attached Polymer Networks through C, H-Insertion Reactions, Macromolecules
  Körner, M.; Prucker, O.; Rühe, J.
  
• (2016): Manufacturing of embedded multimode waveguides by reactive lamination of cyclic olefin polymer and polymethylmethacrylate, Optical Engineering, 55(3), 037103
  Kelb, C.; Rother, R.; Schuler, A.K.; Hinkelmann, M.; Rahlves, M.; Prucker, O.; Müller, C.; Rühe, J.; Reithmeier, E.; Roth, B.
  
• (2016): Methodology for the design, production, and test of plastic optical displacement sensors, Advanced Optical Technologies
  Rahlves, M.; Kelb, C.; Reithmeier, E.; Roth, B.
  
• (2016): On the generation of polyether based coatings through photoinduced C,H insertion crosslinking (CHIC), Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
  Schuler, A.-K.; Prucker, O.; Rühe, J.
  
• (2016): Optically and rheologically tailored polymers for applications in integrated optics, Sensors, & Actuators A, 241, 224-230
  Gleißner, U.; Khatri, B.; Megnin, C.; Sherman, S.; Xiao, Y.; Hofmann, M.; Günther, A.; Rahlves, M.; Roth, B.; Zappe, H.; Hanemann, T.
  
• (2016): Refractive index increase of acrylate based polymers by adding soluble aromatic guest-molecules, Polym. Adv. Technol.
  Gleißner, U.; Bonaus, S.; Megnin, C.; Hanemann, T.
  
• (2016): Refractive index increase of acrylatebased polymers by adding soluble aromatic guest-molecules, Polymers for Advenced Technologies 28 (4), 506-510
  Gleißner, U.; Bonaus, S.; Megnin, C.; Hanemann, T.
  
• (2016): The Influence of Photo Initiators on Refractive Index and Glass Transition Temperature of Optically and Rheologically adjusted Acrylate based Polymers, Polymers for Advanced Technologies
  Gleißner, U.; Hanemann, T.; Megnin, C.; Wieland, F.
  
• (2016): Ultrafast Surface Plasmon-Polariton Interference and Switching in Multiple Crossing Dielectric Waveguides, Applied Physics B
  Birr, T.; Zywietz, U.; Fischer, T.; Chhantyal, P.; Evlyukhin, A. B.; Chichkov, B. N.; Reinhardt, C.
  
• (2016): Ultrafast surface plasmonpolariton logic gates and half-adder, Optics Express Vol. 23, Issue 25, pp. 31755-31765
  Birr, T.; Zywietz, U.; Chantyal, P.; Chichkov, B. N.; Reinhardt, C.
  
• (2017): Distributed Feedback Ridge Waveguide Lasers Fabricated by CNP Process, Microelectronic Engineering, 181, pp. 29-33
  Becker, J.; Čehovski, M.; Caspary, R.; Kowalsky, W.; Mueller, C.
  
• (2017): Low-loss curved waveguides in polymers written with a femtosecond laser, Optics Express
  Pätzold, W.; Demircan, A.; Morgner, U.
  
• (2017): Phase-Resolved Observation of the Gouy Phase Shift of Surface Plasmon Polaritons, ACS Photonics, 2017, 4 (4), pp 905–908
  Birr, T.; Fischer, T.; Evlyukhin, A.B.; Zywietz, U.; Chichkov, B.N.; Reinhardt, C.
  
• (2017): Refractive index increase of acrylatebased polymers by adding soluble aromatic guestmolecules, Polymers Advanced Technologies
  Gleißner, U.; Bonausa, S.; Megnina, C.; Hanemann, T.
  
• (2017): Sensitivity enhancement of polymeric Mach–Zehnder interferometers by use of thin highindex films, Sensors and Acuators A: Physical 265 , 181–186
  Xiao, Y.; Mendez, S.A.; Hofmann, M.; Gauch, M.; Ehlers, H.; Ristau, D.; Müller, C.W.; Zappe, H.
  
• (2018): Chip-on-Flex Packaging of Optoelectronic Devices in Polymer-Based Planar Optical Interconnects. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 24 (6), 6101208
  Wang, Y.; Overmeyer, L.
  
• (2018): Optical and Thermomechanical Properties of Doped Polyfunctional Acrylate Copolymers, Polymers, 10, 337
  Hanemann, T.; Honnef, K.
  
• (2018): Thermally assisted nanosecond laser generation of ferric nanoparticles, Applied Physics Letters 112, 113103
  Kurselis, K.; Kozheshkurt, V.; Kiyan, R.; Chichkov, B.; Sajti, L.